When I first arrived in Turkey. I thought coffee would be the favourite drink here, instead of tea. Turkey being the neighbour of Middle Eastern countries would definitely give you the wrong idea about that. I also initially thought that both tea and coffee were drunk heavily due to weather and climate since I arrived at the end of winter. The second time I was wrong. In fact, as someone coming from Malaysia, a country having some history with Britain, it never occurred to me that Turkish actually out-drinks the Irish and Britons in per capita tea consumption. Turkey is also the fifth highest tea producers behind India, China, Kenya, and Sri Lanka.
History of tea-drinking culture among the Turkish is still relatively new, beginning at the end of 19th century when the then governor of Adana, Mehmet Izzet in 1878, produced Çay Risalesi, Tea Pamphlet, to inform people the benefits of drinking tea. Çay Evi or tea house began to be opened in Sultanahmet area in Istanbul, thus the spreading of tea-drinking started. It was also helped by the fact that tea was four times cheaper than coffee. Rize, the “Turkish tea capital”, is a province located in the eastern part of Black Sea. Its soil fertility, rainfall volume, and climate are ideal for the cultivation and production of tea.
Serious attempt in cultivating tea began as early as 1917, however came to a halt due to Turkish War of Independence. The first large scale cultivation began in 1937 while the first tea factory there was built in 1947. Turkey started to export its tea in 1965, having satisfied local tea market. Çay-Kur (General Directorate of Tea Operations) was founded in 1971 in order to coordinate the cultivation and tea processing. The state-owned body enjoyed monopoly over tea market until 1984 when the industry was opened to private enterprise. Today, Çay-Kur still controls nearly 60% of domestic tea market. Even the football club playing in Turkish Super Lig, Rizespor are sponsored by Çay-Kur since 1991 and renamed Çaykur Rizespor. They have been using tea leaves on their badge since the establishement of the club in 1953.
There is a special way in preparing the tea. A çaydanlik, a special double-tiered pots would be required to brew the tea. The bottom pot is filed with water and set on fire until the water boiled. The top pot is filed with dry tea leaves. The boiled water then is poured into the top pot, allowing the tea leaves to steep for 15-20 minutes. The tea then is poured into tulip-shaped glasses with hot water added to dilute the tea according to one’s preference. There are two ways of drinking tea. The first one is by adding sugar cubes into the tea while the second way is called kitlama where you put sugar cubes between your tounge and cheek and then drink the tea. Sometimes, tea is also drunk with lemon, but not milk.
Turkish tea is supposed to be enjoyed while still hot. The usage of clear tulip-shaped glass is for admiring the colour of the tea. Serving tea has become the Turkish tradition in showing hospitality and friendliness. There is no specific time for tea, nor there is any bad time for tea. A saying in Turkey goes, “conversations without tea are like a night sky without the moon”. The sight of men enjoying tea in Turkey could be compared with seing Malaysians enjoying themselves at mamak stalls or street warongs although not exactly the same.
References:
http://www.caykur.gov.tr/Pages/Kurumsal/KurumHakkinda.aspx?ItemId=6
https://www.statista.com/statistics/507950/global-per-capita-tea-consumption-by-country/
http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-worlds-top-10-tea-producing-nations.html
http://www.rizesporlular.com/rizespor-tarihi/
Cryptography was used extensively during World War II.
Each nation involved came up with their own code and cipher systems. This led
to codebreakers or cryptanalysts being recruited by governments to help them
win the war.
Germany was famous for its Enigma. Enigma machine was
first developed by Arthur Scherbius, a German engineer. It was originally developed
for secure communication of commercial companies. By the year 1933, German army, navy, and air
force each had their own version of the machine.
Polish Cipher Bureau was the first to be able to
reconstruct an Enigma machine and breakthe cipher in 1932. Britain’s Government
Code & Cipher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire became
the centre for the effort of breaking the Enigma in 1939 after the Poles shared
the secrets with the Allied. British used the broken codes sparingly to avoid
the Germans from realizing their breakthrough. Due to this, the war in Europe
was said to be shorten from two to four years.
One key figure in this remarkable event was Alan
Mathison Turing. At 13, he was sent to a boarding school in Dorset, Sherborne
School. Later, he won scholarship to King’s College, Cambridge and took
Mathematics degree with distinction. In 1936, he published a paper now recognized
as the foundation of computer science.
Turing joined the British code-breaking department
after spending 2 years at Princeton, developing ideas on secret ciphers. He was
joined by other mathematicians at Bletchley Park after September 1939. Turing
developed the Bombe, a machine functioned to decipher the Germans’ Enigma code.
He was once briefly engaged to Joan Clarke, a
colleague and fellow mathematician at Bletchley Park. He then confessed to her
of his homosexual tendencies and shortly after, he ended their engagement. Alan
Turing was persecuted by the British government after an affair with a young
man surfaced. As of year 1967, homosexual activities were illegal in Britain.
Alan Turing was chemically castrated and found dead in bed on 8th June 1954, owing to cyanide poisoning. He was granted posthumous royal pardon by the Queen in December 2013. In 2014, the story of Alan Turing was made into a movie, The Imitation Game starring Benedict Cumberbatch and Keira Knightley.
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| Enigma machine |
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| Alan Turing |
Pada 5
Julai 2015, satu artikel diterbitkan dalam The Malaysian Insider bertajuk ‘Apabila
budaya Melayu ‘ditelan’ budaya Arab’. Sebelum itu, pada 23 Mei 2015, The Malay
Mail telah menerbitkan satu artikel berita dengan headline ‘Marina Mahathir:
Malaysia undergoing ‘Arab colonialism’.
Sekali lagi
kita disogokkan dengan perkara yang tidak sepatutnya menjadi isu, malahan
diperbesarkan seolah-olah tiada perkara lain yang lebih mustahak untuk
dibincangkan. Kononnya orang-orang Melayu sudah ‘kurang Melayu’ dan proses
mengArabkan orang-orang Melayu kini
berada pada tahap yang membimbangkan.
Sudahlah
iman mudah tergugat mendengar penganut agama lain menyebut nama Allah dan melihat mereka makan dan minum di
hadapan kita, kini orang Melayu dikata pula tidak dapat membezakan Arab dengan
Islam. Bodoh sangatkah Melayu ini sebenarnya?
Risau
melihat fenomena jubah dan abaya menjadi pilihan orang ramai berbanding baju
melayu, baju kurung, dan kebaya tiba-tiba menjadi lebih besar dari isu-isu
semasa yang sedang melanda negara ketika ini. Padahal pakaian tersebut menjadi
pilihan kerana mudah dipakai, selain daripada menjadi trend masa kini dan
mengikut Sunnah Rasulullah S.A.W. Rasanya banyak lagi kedai pakaian yang
menjual baju kurung, baik secara atas talian mahupun sebaliknya.
Penggunaan
istilah-istilah Arab dalam pertuturan harian dipersoalkan, kononnya Bahasa
Melayu sedang dijajah oleh Bahasa Arab. Bukankah sejak dahulu kita sering
meminjam istilah dan perkataan dari bahasa asing untuk diserapkan ke dalam
Bahasa Melayu? Bukan sahaja Bahasa Arab, malahan dari Bahasa Inggeris,
Portugis, dan Sanskrit.
Menurut
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), serapan
perkataan Arab ke dalam Bahasa Melayu bermula sejak kurun ke-13 lagi,
seiring dengan penyebaran Islam ke rantau ini. Abdul Hamid Ahmad juga dalam
bukunya Kamus al-Hamidi telah menyenaraikan kira-kira 2000 perkataan Arab yang
terdapat dalam Bahasa Melayu.
Yang
dituduh menjadi antara punca kepada ‘krisis kebudayaan Melayu’ini ialah rakyat
Malaysia yang belajar di Timur Tengah yang pulang ke tanah air dan kemudiannya
bekerja di pejabat-pejabat kerajaan. Pejabat-pejabat kerajaan dikatakan sudah
‘berubah suasana’. Mungkin hendak dikaitkan dengan isu etika berpakaian yang
sedang hangat diperdebatkan sekarang ini.
Adakah
dengan terjadinya perkara-perkara di atas, orang Melayu semakin ‘kurang
Melayu’? Jawapannya, tidak. Orang Melayu sedikit pun tidak akan berkurang
keMelayuan mereka.
Saya
melihat ini hanyalah sebagai salah satu fobia yang sedang melanda masyarakat
Melayu ketika ini, setelah ketakutan terhadap Illuminati dan bentuk segi tiga
4-5 tahun belakangan ini semakin reda. Penularan anasir-anasir budaya Barat
dalam masyarakat kita yang sarat dengan adab dan tatasusila ketimuran
sepatutnya lebih dibimbangkan dan diberi perhatian.
Guru Oh Guru
Berburu ke padang datar,
Dapat rusa belang kaki;
Berguru kepalang ajar,
Ibarat bunga kembang tak jadi.
Dapat rusa belang kaki;
Berguru kepalang ajar,
Ibarat bunga kembang tak jadi.
Dialah pemberi paling setia
Tiap akar ilmu miliknya
Pelita dan lampu segala
Untuk manusia sebelum menjadi dewasa.
Tiap akar ilmu miliknya
Pelita dan lampu segala
Untuk manusia sebelum menjadi dewasa.
Dialah ibu dialah bapa juga sahabat
Alur kesetiaan mengalirkan nasihat
Pemimpin yang ditauliahkan segala umat
Seribu tahun katanya menjadi hikmat.
Alur kesetiaan mengalirkan nasihat
Pemimpin yang ditauliahkan segala umat
Seribu tahun katanya menjadi hikmat.
Jika hari ini seorang Perdana Menteri berkuasa
Jika hari ini seorang Raja menaiki takhta
Jika hari ini seorang Presiden sebuah negara
Jika hari ini seorang ulama yang mulia
Jika hari ini seorang peguam menang bicara
Jika hari ini seorang penulis terkemuka
Jika hari ini siapa saja menjadi dewasa;
Sejarahnya dimulakan oleh seorang guru biasa
Dengan lembut sabarnya mengajar tulis-baca.
Jika hari ini seorang Raja menaiki takhta
Jika hari ini seorang Presiden sebuah negara
Jika hari ini seorang ulama yang mulia
Jika hari ini seorang peguam menang bicara
Jika hari ini seorang penulis terkemuka
Jika hari ini siapa saja menjadi dewasa;
Sejarahnya dimulakan oleh seorang guru biasa
Dengan lembut sabarnya mengajar tulis-baca.
Di mana-mana dia berdiri di muka muridnya
Di sebuah sekolah mewah di lbu Kota
Di bangunan tua sekolah Hulu Terengganu
Dia adalah guru mewakill seribu buku;
Semakin terpencil duduknya di ceruk desa
Semakin bererti tugasnya kepada negara.
Di sebuah sekolah mewah di lbu Kota
Di bangunan tua sekolah Hulu Terengganu
Dia adalah guru mewakill seribu buku;
Semakin terpencil duduknya di ceruk desa
Semakin bererti tugasnya kepada negara.
Jadilah apa pun pada akhir kehidupanmu, guruku
Budi yang diapungkan di dulang ilmu
Panggilan keramat "cikgu" kekal terpahat
Menjadi kenangan ke akhir hayat.
Budi yang diapungkan di dulang ilmu
Panggilan keramat "cikgu" kekal terpahat
Menjadi kenangan ke akhir hayat.
Usman Awang
1979
1979
PERDANA MENTERI:
YAB DATO’ SRI HAJI MOHD. NAJIB BIN TUN HAJI ABDUL RAZAK
TIMBALAN PERDANA MENTERI:
YAB TAN SRI DATO’ HAJI MUHYIDDIN BIN YASSIN
JABATAN PERDANA
MENTERI:
MENTERI:
(1) YB DATO’ SERI JAMIL KHIR BIN BAHAROM
(2) YB DATO’ SRI ABDUL WAHID BIN OMAR (SENATOR -BERKUATKUASA
5 JUN 2013)
(3) YB SENATOR DATO’ SRI IDRIS JALA (SENATOR)
(4) YB TAN SRI DATUK SERI PANGLIMA JOSEPH KURUP
(5) YB DATO’ SERI SHAHIDAN BIN KASSIM
(6) YB PUAN HAJAH
NANCY BINTI SHUKRI
(7) YB DATUK JOSEPH
ENTULU ANAK BELAUN
(8) DATUK PAUL LOW
SENG KWAN (SENATOR)
TIMBALAN MENTERI:
(1) YB DATUK RAZALI BIN IBRAHIM
(2) WAYTHA MOORTHY PONNUSAMY (SENATOR)
KEMENTERIAN KEWANGAN:
(1) MENTERI KEWANGAN I: YAB DATO’ SRI HAJI MOHD. NAJIB BIN
TUN HAJI ABDUL RAZAK
(2) MENTERI KEWANGAN II: YB DATO’ SERI HAJI AHMAD HUSNI BIN
MOHAMAD HANADZLAH
(3) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATUK AHMAD BIN MASLAN
MENTERI PELAJARAN DAN PENGAJIAN TINGGI:
(1) MENTERI I: YAB TAN SRI DATO’ HAJI MUHYIDDIN BIN YASSIN
(2) MENTERI II: YB DATO’ SERI IDRIS BIN JUSOH
(3) TIMBALAN MENTERI I: YB DATUK MARY YAP KAIN CHING
(4) TIMBALAN MENTERI II: YB TUAN P. KAMALANATHAN A/L
P.PANCHANATHAN
KEMENTERIAN PERTAHANAN:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ SERI HISHAMUDDIN BIN TUN HUSSEIN
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ ABDUL RAHIM BAKRI
KEMENTERIANPENGANGKUTAN:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ SERI HISHAMUDDIN BIN TUN HUSSEIN
(MEMANGKU)
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB. DATUK AB. AZIZ KAPRAWI
KEMENTERIAN DALAM
NEGERI:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ SERI DR. AHMAD ZAHID BIN HAMIDI
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATUK DR. WAN JUNAIDI BIN TUANKU
JAAFAR
KEMENTERIAN KERJA
RAYA:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ FADILLLAH YUSOF
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATUK ROSNAH BINTI ABDUL RASHID
SHIRLIN
KEMENTERIAN
PERDAGANGAN ANTARABANGSA DAN INDUSTRI:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ SERI MUSTAPA BIN MOHAMED
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB. HAMIM BIN SAMURI
KEMENTERIAN LUAR NEGERI:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ SERI ANIFAH BIN HAJI AMAN
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ HAMZAH BIN ZAINUDDIN
KEMENTERIAN
PERDAGANGAN DALAM NEGERI, KOPERASI DAN KEPENGGUNAAN:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ HASAN BIN MALEK
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ PADUKA AHMAD BASHAH BIN MD.
HANIPAH (SENATOR)
KEMENTERIAN
KOMUNIKASI DAN MULTIMEDIA:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ SERI AHMAD SHABERY BIN CHEEK
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ JAILANI BIN JOHARI
KEMENTERIAN SUMBER
MANUSIA:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATUK RICHARD RIOT ANAK JAEM
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ ISMAIL BIN ABD. MUTTALIB
KEMENTERIAN KEMAJUAN
LUAR BANDAR DAN WILAYAH:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ SERI SHAFIE BIN HAJI APDAL
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATUK ALEXANDER NANTA LINGGI
KEMENTERIAN KESEJAHTERAAN BANDAR, PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN
TEMPATAN:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN DAHLAN
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ HALIMAH BINTI MOHD SADDIQUE
KEMENTERIAN BELIA DAN
SUKAN:
(1) MENTERI : YB TUAN KHAIRY JAMALUDDIN BIN ABU BAKAR
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ SARAVANAN A/L MURUGAN
KEMENTERIAN
KESIHATAN:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ SERI SUBRAMANIAM
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ SERI HILMI BIN YAHAYA
KEMENTERIAN WILAYAH
PERSEKUTUAN:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ SERI TENGKU ADNAN BIN TENGKU MANSOR
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ DR. LOGA BALA MOHAN A/L
JAGANATHAN (SENATOR)
KEMENTERIAN
PERUSAHAAN PERLADANGAN DAN KOMODITI:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ SERI DOUGLAS UGGAH EMBAS
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ NORIAH BINTI KASNON
KEMENTERIAN TENAGA,
TEKNOLOGI HIJAU DAN AIR:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATUK DR. MAXIMUS JOHNITY ONGKILI
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ SRI MAHDZIR BIN KHALID
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN DAN INDUSTRI ASAS TANI:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ SRI ISMAIL SABRI BIN YAAKOB
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ TAJUDDIN BIN ABDUL RAHMAN
KEMENTERIAN PELANCONGAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATO’ SERI MOHAMED NAZRI BIN ABDUL AZIZ
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ JOSEPH SALANG ANAK GANDUM
KEMENTERIAN SAINS, TEKNOLOGI DAN INOVASI:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATUK DR. EWON EBIN
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ DR. ABU BAKAR BIN MOHAMAD
DIAH
KEMENTERIAN SUMBER ASLI DAN ALAM SEKITAR:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATUK SERI G. PALANIVEL
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATO’ DR. JAMES DAWOS MAMIT
KEMENTERIAN PEMBANGUNAN WANITA, KELUARGA DAN MASYARAKAT:
(1) MENTERI : YB DATUK ROHANI BINTI ABDUL KARIM
(2) TIMBALAN MENTERI : YB DATUK AZIZAH BINTI MOHD. DUN


